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Compare Tonga (2001) - Christmas Island (2007)

Compare Tonga (2001) z Christmas Island (2007)

 Tonga (2001)Christmas Island (2007)
 TongaChristmas Island
Administrative divisions 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u none (territory of Australia)
Age structure 0-14 years:
40.93% (male 21,739; female 20,916)

15-64 years:
54.99% (male 28,231; female 29,082)

65 years and over:
4.08% (male 1,912; female 2,347) (2001 est.)		 0-14 years: NA


15-64 years: NA


65 years and over: NA
Agriculture - products squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish NA
Airports 6 (2000 est.) 1 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1 (2000 est.)		 total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
5

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)		 -
Area total:
748 sq km

land:
718 sq km

water:
30 sq km		 total: 135 sq km


land: 135 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative four times the size of Washington, DC about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC
Background The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the island was annexed and settlement began by the UK in 1888. Phosphate mining began in the 1890s. The UK transferred sovereignty to Australia in 1958. Almost two-thirds of the island has been declared a national park.
Birth rate 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA
Budget revenues:
$49 million

expenditures:
$120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.)		 revenues: $NA


expenditures: $NA
Capital Nuku'alofa name: The Settlement


geographic coordinates: 10 25 S, 105 43 E


time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Coastline 419 km 138.9 km
Constitution 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Country name conventional long form:
Kingdom of Tonga

conventional short form:
Tonga

former:
Friendly Islands		 conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island


conventional short form: Christmas Island
Currency pa'anga (TOP) -
Death rate 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA
Debt - external $62 million (1998) -
Dependency status - non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga none (territory of Australia)
Diplomatic representation in the US Tonga does not have an embassy in the US; Ambassador Fetu'utolo TUPOU, resides in London; address: Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga, c/o Tonga High Commission, 36 Molyneux Street, London W1H 6AB, telephone [44] (171) 724-5828, FAX [44] (171) 723-9074

consulate(s) general:
San Francisco		 none (territory of Australia)
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient $38.8 million (1995) $NA
Economy - overview Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine. In 1991, the mine was reopened. With the support of the government, a $34 million casino opened in 1993, but closed in 1998. The Australian Government in 2001 agreed to support the creation of a commercial space-launching site on the island, expected to begin operations in the near future.
Electricity - consumption 32.6 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 35 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)		 -
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m		 lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: Murray Hill 361 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations loss of rainforest; impact of phosphate mining
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements		 -
Ethnic groups Polynesian, Europeans about 300 Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%


note: no indigenous population (2001)
Exchange rates pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996) Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Executive branch chief of state:
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)

head of government:
Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the monarch

note:
there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet

elections:
none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch		 chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general


head of government: Administrator Neil LUCAS (since 30 January 2006)


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia
Exports $8 million (f.o.b., 1998) $NA
Exports - commodities squash, fish, vanilla beans phosphate
Exports - partners Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.) Australia, NZ (2006)
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June 1 July - 30 June
Flag description red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed, while the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island; the flag of Australia is used for official purposes
GDP purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
30%

industry:
10%

services:
60% (1997)		 -
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2000 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 20 00 S, 175 00 W 10 30 S, 105 40 E
Geography - note archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited) located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean
Highways total:
680 km

paved:
184 km

unpaved:
496 km (1996)		 -
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%		 -
Imports $69 million (f.o.b., 1998) $NA
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals consumer goods
Imports - partners NZ 30%, Australia 19%, US 11%, UK 11%, Japan 3% (1997 est.) principally Australia (2006)
Independence 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) none (territory of Australia)
Industrial production growth rate 8.6% (FY98/99) -
Industries tourism, fishing tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)
Infant mortality rate 14.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: NA


male: NA


female: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (2000 est.) -
International organization participation ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) none
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (2000) -
Irrigated land NA sq km NA
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court) Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court
Labor force 34,000 (FY96/97) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 65% (1997 est.) -
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land:
24%

permanent crops:
43%

permanent pastures:
6%

forests and woodland:
11%

other:
16% (1993 est.)		 arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (mainly tropical rainforest; 63% of the island is a national park) (2005)
Languages Tongan, English English (official), Chinese, Malay
Legal system based on English law under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)

elections:
last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4		 unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: held every two years with half the members standing for election; last held 20 October 2007 (next to be held in 2009)


election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 9
Life expectancy at birth total population:
68.25 years

male:
65.83 years

female:
70.78 years (2001 est.)		 total population: NA


male: NA


female: NA
Literacy definition:
can read and write Tongan and/or English

total population:
98.5%

male:
98.4%

female:
98.7% (1996 est.)		 NA
Location Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia
Map references Oceania Southeast Asia
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM		 territorial sea: 12 nm


contiguous zone: 12 nm


exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine total:
8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)		 -
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of Australia
Military branches Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $NA -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA% -
National holiday Independence Day, 4 June (1970) Australia Day, 26 January (1788)
Nationality noun:
Tongan(s)

adjective:
Tongan		 noun: Christmas Islander(s)


adjective: Christmas Island
Natural hazards cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Natural resources fish, fertile soil phosphate, beaches
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA
Political parties and leaders Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president] none
Political pressure groups and leaders Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA] none
Population 104,227 (July 2001 est.) 1,402 (July 2006 est.) (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% -
Population growth rate 1.79% (2001 est.) 0% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai -
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001) AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2006)
Radios 61,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km -
Religions Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) Buddhist 36%, Muslim 25%, Christian 18%, other 21% (1997)
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.81 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)		 NA
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment:
NA

domestic:
NA

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)		 general assessment: service provided by the Australian network


domestic: GSM mobile telephone service replaced older analog system in February 2005


international: country code - 61-8; satellite earth stations - 1 INTELSAT earth station provides telephone and telex service (2005)
Telephones - main lines in use 8,000 (1996) NA
Telephones - mobile cellular 302 (1996) -
Television broadcast stations 1 (2001) 0 (TV broadcasts received via satellite from mainland Australia) (2006)
Terrain most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau
Total fertility rate 3 children born/woman (2001 est.) NA
Unemployment rate 13.3% (FY96/97) -
Waterways none -
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